Global review and guidelines to avoid opportunistic predation of birds and bats in mist nets.

Mist nets are one of the most widely used techniques in the study of birds and bats worldwide. However, a number of risks are involved, including opportunistic predation. Given this potential cost, here we: (1) review the global literature to understand the factors that might contribute to predation risk for birds and bats captured in mist nets; (2) review existing guidelines for best practice use of mist nets; and (3) based on our reviews, recommend new guidelines for the use of mist nets to minimize the risk of opportunistic predation. Based on keyword in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French, and using Google Scholar, Scopus, SciElo, and Web of Science, we found 48 articles reporting opportunistic predation. In the included articles, 178 predation events, involving 52 predator and 84 prey species, were reported. In most of the reports, the mist nets were placed at ground level, the bats and birds were preyed on from the shelf closest to the ground, the mist-net checks occurred at intervals of 1 h or 30 min and the most common predators were arboreal and scansorial species (primates and marsupials). Despite the occurrences of predation in 13 countries, guidelines for best practice mist-net use were found in only three, despite extensive searches and contact with key people in each country. Based on the existing guidelines and our results, we recommend that mist nets be fixed with the lowest shelf at least 50 cm above ground level and be checked at 15-min intervals; when predators are observed near mist nets, the nets either be constantly observed, closed, or relocated; suppressed the vegetation around the mist nets; captured animals be removed from the mist nets as soon as possible, and more than one researcher/technician should be in the field at all times.

ATLANTIC ANTS: a data set of ants in Atlantic Forests of South America.

Ants, an ecologically successful and numerically dominant group of animals, play key ecological roles as soil engineers, predators, nutrient recyclers, and regulators of plant growth and reproduction in most terrestrial ecosystems. Further, ants are widely used as bioindicators of the ecological impact of land use. We gathered information of ant species in the Atlantic Forest of South America. The ATLANTIC ANTS data set, which is part of the ATLANTIC SERIES data papers, is a compilation of ant records from collections (18,713 records), unpublished data (29,651 records), and published sources (106,910 records; 1,059 references), including papers, theses, dissertations, and book chapters published from 1886 to 2020. In total, the data set contains 153,818 ant records from 7,636 study locations in the Atlantic Forest, representing 10 subfamilies, 99 genera, 1,114 ant species identified with updated taxonomic certainty, and 2,235 morphospecies codes. Our data set reflects the heterogeneity in ant records, which include ants sampled at the beginning of the taxonomic history of myrmecology (the 19th and 20th centuries) and more recent ant surveys designed to address specific questions in ecology and biology. The data set can be used by researchers to develop strategies to deal with different macroecological and region-wide questions, focusing on assemblages, species occurrences, and distribution patterns. Furthermore, the data can be used to assess the consequences of changes in land use in the Atlantic Forest on different ecological processes. No copyright restrictions apply to the use of this data set, but we request that authors cite this data paper when using these data in publications or teaching events.

Bat richness (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in an area of montane Atlantic Forest in the Serra da Mantiqueira, state of Minas Gerais, southeast Brazil / Riqueza de morcegos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) em uma área de Floresta Atlântica montana na Serra da Mantiqueira, estado de Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil

Abstract: In recent years there has been an increase in research interest in remnants of Atlantic Forest above 500 m a.s.l., such as in the Serra da Mantiqueira, which is considered a priority area for conservation. The chiropterofauna of the Serra da Mantiqueira remains relatively under-studied, and here we present a list of bat species from the "Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural (RPPN) Cachoeira do Tombo", a private conservation unit located in an area of montane Atlantic Forest in the Serra da Mantiqueira. Bats were captured with mist nets along trails and near a diurnal roost. A total of 498 individuals of 19 bat species belonging to the families Phyllostomidae, Vespertilionidae and Molossidae were captured. Phyllostomidae were captured only along the trails, Molossidae were captured only in the diurnal roost and Vespertilionidae were captured in both. The species accumulation curves did not show stabilizing trends. However, 80% of the expected richness was sampled and the species richness of bats found is similar to other studies previously carried out in the region. In contrast to other inventories carried out in the Atlantic Forest, Desmodus rotundus was the species most frequently captured along the trails. A large number of individuals of Molossus aztecus sheltering in man-made structures were caught, constituting an unusual event. Additionally, here we report cohabitation of this species with Molossus molossus for the first time. Our results show that this area, which appears on the map of environmental conflicts for the state of Minas Gerais, has a rich chiropterofauna and also further corroborate the importance of using mist-nets at roosts to increase the probability of capturing the richness and abundance of insectivorous bats present in the area.

Resumo: Nos últimos anos houve um aumento no interesse em pesquisas em remanescentes de Floresta Atlântica acima de 500 m de altitude, como na Serra da Mantiqueira, a qual é considerada área prioritária para a conservação. A fauna de quirópteros na Serra da Mantiqueira ainda permanece relativamente pouco estudada, e aqui nós apresentamos uma lista de espécies de morcegos da Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural (RPPN) Cachoeira do Tombo, uma unidade de conservação privada localizada em área de Floresta Atlântica Montana na Serra da Mantiqueira. Os morcegos foram capturados com redes de neblina ao longo de trilhas e junto de um abrigo diurno. Um total de 498 indivíduos de 19 espécies de morcegos pertencentes às famílias Phyllostomidae, Vespertilionidae e Molossidae foram capturados. Phyllostomidae foram capturados somente em trilhas, Molossidae no abrigo diurno e Vespertilionidae em ambos. As curvas de acumulação de espécies não mostraram tendência de estabilização. No entanto, 80% da riqueza esperada foi amostrada e a riqueza de espécies encontrada foi similar a outros estudos previamente conduzidos na região. Diferente de outros inventários realizados na Mata Atlântica, Desmodus rotundus foi a espécie mais frequentemente capturada ao longo das trilhas. Um grande número de indivíduos de Molossus aztecus foi encontrado se abrigando em abrigo artificial, o que constitui um evento pouco usual. Adicionalmente, a coabitação dessa espécie com Molossus molossus é reportada aqui pela primeira vez. Os resultados mostram que essa área, que está inserida no mapa de conflitos ambientais do estado de Minas Gerais, possui uma rica chiropterofauna e corrobora a importância de usar redes de neblina em abrigos para aumentar a probabilidade de capturar a riqueza e abundância de morcegos insetívoros presentes na área.

Karyotype of three Lonchophylla species (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) from Southeastern Brazil.

Lonchophylla Thomas, 1903 is a Neotropical bat genus that comprises 12 species, with little cytogenetic information available. Here we present the description of the karyotype of three species collected in Southeastern Brazil. Lonchophylla bokermanni Sazima, Vizotto & Taddei, 1978, Lonchophylla dekeyseri Taddei, Vizotto & Sazima, 1983, and Lonchophylla peracchii Dias, Moratelli & Esberard, 2013 showed the same diploid number 2n = 28 and the same autosomal fundamental number FNa = 50, in both Lonchophylla bokermanni and Lonchophylla peracchii. We observed that the karyotypes were also cytogenetically similar when we compared the studied species with other species within the same genus. It is therefore not possible to differentiate the species using only karyotypes with conventional staining. However, this information increases the knowledge of the genus and can be one more important character for a better phylogenetic comprehension of this taxon.

Trichobius longipes (Diptera, Streblidae) as a parasite of Phyllostomus hastatus (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae).

Among the factors that influence the diversity of ectoparasites on bat hosts are the kind of roost and the host's social behavior. Other factors such as sex, reproductive condition and host size may influence the distribution and abundance of ectoparasites. The aim of the present study was to analyze the variation in Streblidae ectoparasites on the bat Phyllostomus hastatus, according to sex and roost type. We caught bats in four houses on Marambaia Island, municipality of Mangaratiba, and in one house at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, municipality of Seropédica. We caught 65 females and 50 males of P. hastatus and 664 streblids of four species: Aspidoptera phyllostomatis, Strebla consocia, Trichobius "dugesii" complex and Trichobius longipes. The species T. longipes accounted for more than 99% of all the ectoparasites caught. Female bats were more parasitized than males, in terms of both prevalence and average intensity. The total number of parasites did not vary between resident and non-resident bats. The relationship between the number of individuals of T. longipes and sex and roost type was significant for resident bats. The total number of parasites on males did not differ between bachelor roosts and mixed-sex roosts. The differences found between roosts reflected the differences between the sexes.

Trichobius longipes (Diptera, Streblidae) as a parasite of Phyllostomus hastatus (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) / Trichobius longipes (Diptera, Streblidae) como parasita de Phyllostomus hastatus (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae)

Among the factors that influence the diversity of ectoparasites on bat hosts are the kind of roost and the host's social behavior. Other factors such as sex, reproductive condition and host size may influence the distribution and abundance of ectoparasites. The aim of the present study was to analyze the variation in Streblidae ectoparasites on the bat Phyllostomus hastatus, according to sex and roost type. We caught bats in four houses on Marambaia Island, municipality of Mangaratiba, and in one house at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, municipality of Seropédica. We caught 65 females and 50 males of P. hastatus and 664 streblids of four species: Aspidoptera phyllostomatis, Strebla consocia, Trichobius “dugesii” complex and Trichobius longipes. The species T. longipes accounted for more than 99% of all the ectoparasites caught. Female bats were more parasitized than males, in terms of both prevalence and average intensity. The total number of parasites did not vary between resident and non-resident bats. The relationship between the number of individuals of T. longipes and sex and roost type was significant for resident bats. The total number of parasites on males did not differ between bachelor roosts and mixed-sex roosts. The differences found between roosts reflected the differences between the sexes.

Os fatores que influenciam a diversidade de artrópodes ectoparasitos no morcego hospedeiro incluem o tipo de abrigo e o comportamento social da espécie hospedeira. Aspectos como sexo, condição reprodutiva e tamanho do hospedeiro podem influenciar a distribuição e a abundância dos ectoparasitos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a variação no parasitismo de estreblídeos em Phyllostomus hastatus, considerando os sexos e diferentes abrigos. Os morcegos foram capturados em quatro casas na Ilha da Marambaia, município de Mangaratiba, e em uma casa na Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, município de Seropédica. Foram capturados 65 fêmeas e 50 machos de P. hastatus e 664 dípteros estreblídeos distribuídos em quatro espécies: Aspidoptera phyllostomatis, Strebla consocia, Trichobius complexo “dugesii” e Trichobius longipes. A espécie T. longipes representou mais de 99% das capturas de Streblidae. Fêmeas de morcegos foram mais parasitadas que os machos, tanto em prevalência quanto em intensidade média. O total de parasitos não variou entre os morcegos residentes e os não residentes. O modelo considerado entre o total de T. longipes, o sexo e o abrigo para indivíduos residentes mostrou-se significativo. O total de parasitos em machos não difere entre aqueles oriundos de abrigos de machos solteiros e de abrigos heterossexuais. As diferenças entre os abrigos refletem a diferença no parasitismo entre os sexos dos hospedeiros.

Assembleia de mamíferos não voadores da reserva biológica serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil / Non-volant mammal assemblage of serra do Japi biological reserve, Jundiaí, São Paulo, southeastern Brazil

A Reserva Biológica da Serra do Japi (REBIO) pode ser considerada área prioritária de preservação, pois representa uma das últimas grandes áreas de floresta contínua do estado de São Paulo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi inventariar a comunidade de mamíferos desta reserva, empregando-se diferentes metodologias não-invasivas de amostragem. As amostragens foram realizadas durante os períodos de julho/agosto de 2009 e janeiro/fevereiro de 2010 utilizando as metodologias de armadilha fotográfica, parcelas de areia, procura por rastros, coleta de fezes para microscopia de pêlos e procura por vestígios de mamíferos. A REBIO apresentou uma riqueza de 34 espécies de mamíferos não-voadores, sendo duas espécies domésticas, distribuídas em oito ordens e 21 famílias. O maior número de espécies foi identificado pela metodologia de parcelas de areia (n = 18) seguida de visualização (n = 17), identificação de rastros (n = 14), armadilhas fotográficas (n = 9) e coleta de fezes (n = 10). Apesar de ser uma Unidade de Conservação de Proteção Integral, a REBIO sofre com intensa visitação de turistas e "trilheiros", principalmente nos finais de semana, já que existe permissão de visitas monitoradas pelo órgão gestor. No presente estudo, espécies que podem indicar perturbação da biodiversidade, como Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris e Didelphis aurita, não apresentaram alta frequência de captura, demonstrando que apesar da invasão de espécies exóticas, domésticas e da pressão antrópica, a área apresenta relevante grau de preservação.

Serra do Japi Biological Reserve can be considered as a priority area for conservation, since it represents one of the last areas of continuous forests in the state of São Paulo. The objective of the present study was to inventory the mammal fauna of this reserve, through different non-invasive sampling methods. Sampling was carried out in July/August 2009 and January/February 2010, using camera traps, sand plots, search for tracks, collection of feces for hair microscopy, and search for traces. Serra do Japi Biological Reserve exhibited a richness of 34 non-volant mammal species; distributed into eight orders and 21 families, among them two species of domestic mammals. The greatest number of species was identified by the methodology of sand plots (n = 18) followed by visualization (n = 17), identification of tracks (n = 14), camera traps (n = 9) and feces collection (n = 10). Despite being a fully protected reserve, Serra do Japi Biological Reserve is intensively visited by tourists and hikers, mainly on weekends, since monitored visits are allowed by the management. In the present study, species that could indicate disturbance, such as Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris and Didelphis aurita, did not show high frequency of capture, showing that despite the invasion by exotic and domestic species, as well as the anthropic pressure, the area is still in a good conservation status.

Morcegos em area de Floresta Montana, Visconde de Maua, Resende, Rio de Janeiro

The goal of this study is to provide a list of bats from Visconde de Mauá, municipality of Resende, Rio de Janeiro State, located 1,300 m above sea level. Fieldwork was carried out during seven nights in November 2005, with captures along flyways, feeding sites, and roosts. A total of 13 species was recorded (10 Phyllostomidae, two Vespertilionidae, and one Molossidae). Seven species are frugivores, two nectarivores, one hematophagous, and three insectivores. Sturnira lilium was the dominant species, with 79.6% of the captures.

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma lista de morcegos da região de Visconde de Mauá, município de Resende, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, em área de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana, localizada acima de 1.300 m de altitude. Foram realizadas sete noites de captura, em novembro de 2005, com amostragens em áreas de voo e forrageio e em abrigos. O total de 13 espécies foi obtido (10 Phyllostomidae, duas Vespertilionidae e uma Molossidae). Dessas, sete espécies são frugívoras, duas nectarívoras, uma hematófaga e três insetívoras. A espécie dominante foi Sturnira lilium com 79,6% das capturas.

Morcegos de morro de São João, estado do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil / Bats of Morro de São João, state of Rio de Janero, southeastern Brazil

O Morro de São João é um remanescente de Mata Atlântica formado por um fragmento florestal isolado por matriz de vegetação herbácea e áreas alagadas, a qual vem sofrendo um processo de degradação com a criação de pastagens e áreas residenciais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar a riqueza e diversidade da fauna de morcegos desse local. Quarenta e uma noites de coleta foram realizadas entre maio de 1997 e junho de 2006. As coletas foram feitas com redes de neblinas armadas na transição do pasto para a floresta e entre as plantações de banana, totalizando 2.385 metros de rede e 394 horas de coleta, resultando em 2.864 redes-hora. Amostragens em refúgios totalizaram 75 horas de trabalho noturno em 12 noites. Foram obtidas 1.124 capturas em redes armadas longe de refúgios e 639 capturas em refúgios ou no acesso a estes, totalizando 1.763 capturas, incluindo 164 recapturas. Foram identificadas 28 espécies de cinco famílias, sendo Carollia perspicillata a espécie predominante em redes longe de refúgios. Molossus rufus, Noctilio leporinus, Phyllostomus hastatus e Myotis nigricans foram capturados em refúgio e em redes de neblina longe destes e Peropteryx macrotis somente foi capturado em refúgio. Apesar de possuir área reduzida, 37,3% das 77 espécies de morcegos ocorrentes no Estado do Rio de Janeiro foram confirmadas no Morro de São João. A existência de elevada riqueza de espécies de morcegos em um fragmento de tamanho médio não é inesperado, pois estudos anteriores já demonstraram que fragmentos pequenos mantiveram a mesma diversidade da floresta contínua.

Morro de São João is a remnant of Atlantic forest consisting of an isolated fragment of matrix of herbaceous vegetation and wetlands, which has undergone degradation process with the creation of pastures and residential areas. The objective of this study was to present the richness and diversity of bats in that location. Forty-one nights of samplings were performed between May 1997 and June 2006. The sampling was performed with the use of mist nets placed in the transition between the forest and the banana plantations, totaling 2,385 meters network and 394 hours of effort resulting in 2,864 net-hours. Samples in roots totaled 75 night hours during 12 nights. One thousand one hundred twenty four captures were obtained in nets placed away from roots and 639 captures in roots or in access to these, totaling 1,763 catches, including 164 recaptures. Twenty eight species from five families were identified, being Carollia perspicillata the predominant species in mist nets placed away from roots. Molossus rufus, Noctilio leporinus, Phyllostomus hastatus and Myotis nigricans were captured in roots and in mist nets away from these and Peropteryx macrotis was only captured in roots. Despite of having a reduced area, 37.3% of 77 bat species occurring in the State of Rio de Janeiro were confirmed in Morro de Sao Joao. The existence of high richness of bat species in a fragment of average size is not unexpected, since previous studies have shown that small fragments retained the same diversity as that of continuous forest.

Reinfestation of Streblidae ectoparasites (Diptera) in Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chiroptera).

The mark-recapture method allows analysis on the variation in the abundance of bat ectoparasites at consecutive captures. The objectives of this study were to compare the pattern of Streblidae parasitism between capture and recapture of C. perspicillata; ascertain whether the abundance of Streblidae varied with time after removal of ectoparasites at capture and analyze whether the intensity of parasitism remained the same in each individual at capture and recapture. Using bats netted in the State of Rio de Janeiro, 42 individuals of C. perspicillata parasitized by two Streblidae species, Trichobius joblingi Wenzel, 1966 and Strebla guajiro (Garcia & Casal, 1965), were selected. The pattern of parasitism observed at capture was similar at recapture. No relationship was observed between the capture-recapture time interval and the abundance of ectoparasites. There was no relationship between the abundances of ectoparasites at capture and recapture of each individual.

Reinfestation of Streblidae ectoparasites (Diptera) in Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chiroptera) / Reinfestação de ectoparasitas Streblidae (Diptera) em Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

The mark-recapture method allows analysis on the variation in the abundance of bat ectoparasites at consecutive captures. The objectives of this study were to compare the pattern of Streblidae parasitism between capture and recapture of C. perspicillata; ascertain whether the abundance of Streblidae varied with time after removal of ectoparasites at capture and analyze whether the intensity of parasitism remained the same in each individual at capture and recapture. Using bats netted in the State of Rio de Janeiro, 42 individuals of C. perspicillata parasitized by two Streblidae species, Trichobius joblingi Wenzel, 1966 and Strebla guajiro (Garcia & Casal, 1965), were selected. The pattern of parasitism observed at capture was similar at recapture. No relationship was observed between the capture-recapture time interval and the abundance of ectoparasites. There was no relationship between the abundances of ectoparasites at capture and recapture of each individual.

A utilização da técnica de marcação-recaptura de morcegos permite a análise da variação na abundância de ectoparasitas de morcegos em capturas consecutivas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram comparar o padrão de parasitismo de Streblidae entre captura e recaptura de Carollia perspicillata; verificar se a abundância de Streblidae varia com o tempo após a remoção dos ectoparasitas na captura e analisar se a intensidade de parasitismo permanece similar em cada indivíduo na captura e recaptura. Por meio de coletas com redes de neblina, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, foram encontrados 42 indivíduos de C. perspicillata parasitados por duas espécies de Streblidae, Trichobius joblingi Wenzel, 1966 e Strebla guajiro (Garcia & Casal, 1965). O padrão de parasitismo observado durante a captura foi semelhante na recaptura. Não foi observada relação do tempo entre a captura e recaptura com a abundância de ectoparasitas. Não houve relação entre a abundância de ectoparasitas na captura e recaptura de cada indivíduo.

Morcegos (Chiroptera) capturados em lagoas do Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Bats (Chiroptera) sampled in lagoons at Parque Nacional da Restinga Jurubatiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar uma lista das espécies de quirópteros capturados em seis lagoas no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. O Parque está localizado a cerca de 180 km a leste da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e abrange os municípios de Macaé, Carapebus e Quissamã. A região é dominada por dunas e cordões arenosos formados no Quaternário. Foram capturados 149 morcegos, pertencentes a três famílias e 14 espécies. A maior parte das espécies capturadas na restinga de Jurubatiba foi de frugívoros, em parte devido à técnica empregada, com redes de neblina, que favorece a captura de indivíduos da família Phyllostomidae. Foram capturadas cinco espécies pouco frequentes em inventários de morcegos (Uroderma magnirostrum, Lasiurus cinereus, Lophostoma brasiliense, Chiroderma villosum e Diaemus youngi). As espécies capturadas variaram entre as lagoas, o que mostra a importância desses ambientes para a manutenção da diversidade de morcegos.

The aim of this study was to perform a list of bat species captured in six lagoons in the Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The park is located about 180 km eastward of Rio de Janeiro city and covers the municipalities of Macaé, Carapebus and Quissamã. The region is dominated by sand dunes and sand ridges formed in the Quaternary. We captured 149 bats belonging to three families and 14 species. Most species caught in restinga de Jurubatiba were frugivores, partly due to technique employed, mist-net, that favors the capture of individuals of the Phyllostomidae family. Five species are uncommonly captured in bats inventories (Uroderma magnirostrum, Lasiurus cinereus, Lophostoma brasiliense, Chiroderma villosum and Diaemus youngi). Species caught varied among lagoons, showing the importance of these habitats for maintaining the diversity of bats.

Morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) da Reserva Rio das Pedras, Rio de Janeiro, Sudeste do Brasil / Bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) from Reserva Rio das Pedras, Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil

Uma lista das espécies de morcegos da Reserva Rio das Pedras, Município de Mangaratiba, foi elaborada através de capturas com redes de neblina, desde setembro de 1995 até junho de 2008, totalizando 242424 h.rede de esforço de captura. O total de 30 espécies de morcegos foi registrado em 1321 capturas e recapturas. As espécies predominantes foram Carollia perspicillata e Artibeus lituratus. Seis famílias foram registradas: Emballonuridae, Noctilionidae, Phyllostomidae, Thyropteridae, Vespertilionidae e Molossidae. Comparando com seis listas de espécies disponíveis de locais distantes até 100 km, a Reserva Rio das Pedras apresentou alta riqueza, diversidade e abundância de Phyllostominae, comprovando a relevância do local para a conservação dos morcegos.

A list of bats species from Reserva Rio das Pedras, Municipality of Mangaratiba, was performed using captures with mist nets, from September 1995 to June 2008, totaling 242424 h.net of capture effort. A total of 30 bat species were recorded in 1321 captures and recaptures. The predominant species were Carollia perspicillata and Artibeus lituratus. Six families were registered: Emballonuridae, Noctilionidae, Phyllostomidae, Thyropteridae, Vespertilionidae and Molossidae. Compared with six lists of species available from locations up to 100 km, Reserva Rio das Pedras showed high species richness, diversity and abundance of Phyllostominae, proving the relevance of the site for bats conservation.

Morcegos de Paraíso do Tobias, Miracema, Rio de Janeiro / Bats from Paraíso do Tobias, Northwest of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar a primeira listagem de morcegos de um fragmento na região Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no município de Miracema. Foram realizadas nove noites de capturas utilizando redes de neblina e buscas por abrigos para o registro dos morcegos. Um total de 678 capturas e recapturas de 29 espécies foi registrado. A espécie mais frequente foi Platyrrhinus lineatus, seguido por Carollia perspicillata e Desmodus rotundus. Várias espécies deste levantamento são dignas de nota, como Natalus stramineus, Micronycteris hirsuta e Lophostoma brasiliense, espécies raramente relatadas para o estado. Apesar do reduzido esforço de coleta, uma elevada riqueza foi alcançada, com mais de 90 por cento das espécies esperadas para a região. Neste trabalho foi obtida uma riqueza considerável de Phyllostominae (duas espécies de carnívoros e quatro de catadores insetívoros). Nas regiões norte e noroeste do estado 32 espécies já foram registradas.

The objective of this work is to present the first listing of bats collected in a fragment in Paraíso do Tobias located in the municipality of Miracema, Northwest of the Rio de Janeiro State. Nine nights of samplings were performed with mist nets and complemented with roosts search. A total of 678 captures and recaptures of 29 species were recorded. Platyrrhinus lineatus was the most abundant species, followed by Carollia perspicillata and Desmodus rotundus. Several species recorded, such as Natalus stramineus, Micronycteris hirsuta, and Lophostoma brasiliense, are rare in the Rio de Janeiro State. Despite the reduced sampling effort, we obtained a high richness, with more than 90 percent of the expected species. We obtained a considerable number of Phyllostominae (two carnivores and four predominantly gleaners insectivorous). In the areas north and northwest 32 species are now recognized.

The chiggerflea Hectopsylla pulex (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) as an ectoparasite of free-tailed bats (Chiroptera: Molossidae).

In the present study, we investigated the prevalence and intensity of Hectopsylla pulex infection in Molossus rufus and Molossus molossus, the parasite's choice of attachment site, and whether this host-parasite system varies with host size. Twenty-four bats were captured by hand from the roof of a house in Southeastern Brazil. M. rufus exhibited a prevalence of 71.4% and the mean intensity averaged 5 ectoparasites per bat. M. molossus exhibited a prevalence of 90%, and the average mean intensity was 2.11 ectoparasites. The attachment sites were: ear, tragus, shoulder blade and tibia, anus, wing, axilla, mouth and dactylopatagium. A positive correlation was observed between the bats' weight and the number of fleas.

The chiggerflea Hectopsylla pulex (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) as an ectoparasite of free-tailed bats (Chiroptera: Molossidae)

In the present study, we investigated the prevalence and intensity of Hectopsylla pulex infection in Molossus rufus and Molossus molossus, the parasite's choice of attachment site, and whether this host-parasite system varies with host size. Twenty-four bats were captured by hand from the roof of a house in Southeastern Brazil. M. rufus exhibited a prevalence of 71.4 percent and the mean intensity averaged 5 ectoparasites per bat. M. molossus exhibited a prevalence of 90 percent, and the average mean intensity was 2.11 ectoparasites. The attachment sites were: ear, tragus, shoulder blade and tibia, anus, wing, axilla, mouth and dactylopatagium. A positive correlation was observed between the bats' weight and the number of fleas.

Deslocamento de Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) (Mammalia, Chiroptera) entre ilha e continente no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Movement of Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) (Mammalia, Chiroptera) between island and continent on State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Em 18 de julho de 2007, um indivíduo de Artibeus lituratus marcado com coleira plástica numerada foi recapturado no Parque Natural Municipal da Serra do Mendanha, município do Rio de Janeiro, 96 dias após ter sido capturado e marcado na Ilha de Itacuruça, no sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A distância linear entre os pontos de marcação e recaptura sugere um deslocamento de no mínimo 35 km, sendo 500 m sobre o mar.

One individual of Artibeus lituratus, marked with a colored and numbered plastic color necklace was recaptured on July 18th, 2007 at the Parque Natural Municipal da Serra do Mendanha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 96 days after being captured and marked at Itacuruça Island, located on southern Rio de Janeiro State. The linear distance between the plots of marking and recapture suggests a minimum movement of 35 km, being 500 m oversea.

Ocorrência de Diaemus youngi (Jentink 1893), Chiroptera, no estado do Rio de Janeiro / Occurrence of Diaemus youngi (Jentink 1893), Chiroptera, in the State of Rio de Janeiro

Diaemus youngi é um morcego hematófago obrigatório que se alimenta preferencialmente do sangue de aves. Este morcego é considerado o menos freqüente entre as três espécies hematófagas ao longo de toda a sua distribuição geográfica. Entre 2000 e 2006, foram realizadas campanhas para a captura de morcegos hematófagos em sete localidades do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, onde ataques a aves haviam sido reportadas por proprietários de terra. Morcegos foram capturados em redes de neblina abertas durante duas ou três noites em cada localidade, geralmente próximas às aves atacadas. Um total de oito espécimes de D. youngi foi coletado nas sete localidades estudadas, e dois registros feitos por outros pesquisadores em outras duas localidades foram confirmados para o Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Diaemus youngi prefere, aparentemente, restringir seus ataques a aves domésticas e selvagens que apresentam o comportamento de se empoleirar. Esta espécie de morcego pode apresentar abundância e área de distribuição maiores do que as aqui descritas, a julgar pelo número de relatos de ataques em criatórios comerciais de aves ornamentais que criam animais em regime de semi-liberdade no Sudeste do Brasil.

Diaemus youngi is a vampire bat that feeds preferentially on bird blood. This bat is considered as the least frequent among the three hematofagous species throughout its geographical distribution. From 2000 to 2006, surveys for vampire control were carried out in seven localities from the State of Rio de Janeiro where attacks to birds were reported by land owners. Bats were captured in mist nets opened during two or three nights in each locality, usually in the vicinity of attacked birds. A total of eight specimens of D. youngi were collected in the seven studied localities and two records from two other localities made by other researchers were confirmed for the State of Rio de Janeiro. Apparently, D. youngi prefers to prey on domestic and wild birds that rest on high perches. This bat species may present higher abundance and larger distribution range those described here, judging by the number of reports of attacks in commercial houses of ornamental birds that raise animals in semi-freedom in Southeastern Brazil.